Review for test 2morrow

Middle Ages= medieval period
Ad 476- AD 1453

New society has roots in:
-classical heritage of Rome
-beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church
-customs of various Germanic tribes

Overrun the western half of the roman empire
causing:
-disruption of trade
-downfall of cities
-population shifts to rural areas

Invasions led to decline of learning

Germanic warrior' loyalty is to the lord of the manor he provides them with food, weapons, and treasure

Clovis rules the Germanic people of Gaul, known as the Franks
- in 496 he has a battlefield conversion- he and 3000 of his warriors become Christians
- by 511 the Franks are united into one kingdom, with Clovis and the Church working as partners

In 520, Benedict writes rules for monks:
-vows of povery9live simply in monasteries)
-chastity (no martial relations)
-obedience (listen to church superiors)

Church revenues are used to help the poor, build roads, and raise armies(theocracy)

Clovis' descendants include Charles Martel, known as Charles the Hammer
-hammer defeats a Muslim raiding party from Spain at the Battle of Tours

Charles Martel's son is Pepin the Short
Charlemagne, meaning Charles the Greta is Martel's second son.

Charlemagne
-six foot four
-built the greatest empire since Rome
-fought the Muslim
-his government kept close watch on his huge estates

Lothair, Charles the Bald, and Louis the German- split up the kingdom at the treaty of Verdun

Some old and new notes

Germanic Kingdoms Unite under Charlemagne
476 AD- Roman Empire broke down
-When Romulus Augustulus was deposed as the emperor

476-1453 AD
(From the end of the roman empire to the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks)

This new society has roots in:
-classical heritage of Rome
-beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church
-customs of various Germanic tribes

5th century Germanic invaders
-overrun the western half of the Roman Empire
causing:
-disruption of trade
-downfall of cities
-population shifts to rural areas

effects of Invasion
-decline of learning
-tribes had an oral tradition, songs, but couldn't read Greek or Latin
-Romance languages evolve: French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian
-Few besides priests were literate.

-Germanic warriors were loyal to the lord and protected him.

520, Benedict writes rules for monks:
-vows of poverty (live simply in monasteries)
-chastity ( no martial relations)
-obedience (listen to church superiors)

-Church revenues are used to help the poor, build roads, and raise armies
(this is a theocracy)

Hammer defeats a Muslim raiding party from Spain at the Battle of Tours in 732. If hammer did not win, the Muslims could have blown through all of Europe, making it the Muslim Empire.


Charles Martel's son is Pepin the Short
-He works with the Church and is named "king by the grace of God" by the Pope.
-Pepin the Short dies in 768, leaving two sons
-Son #1(Carloman) dies in 771
-Son #2(Charles, known as Charlemagne, meaning Charles the Great)
      -He was six feet, four inches

Charles the Bald and Louis the German split up the kingdom at the treaty of Verdun in 843 AD

review and stories :D

We talked about the exam and some of the essay questions..

Describe how Christianity evolved into a full-fledged religion?

Also Mr. Schick talked about how he wanted to be a priest when he was in high school. he said that Mass was every day and that the school he went to, there was like 50-100 kids in the whole school. He said that lots of people would leave the school because of being home sick or because they just changed their minds about becoming a priest.

he told about the tornado that hit his school in Chicago, April 1967. He was saying that the sky was green and they hid underneath a mattress. The tornado sounded like a freight train rolling right over them. He said he was off a school for about a week.

A European evolves
1. Franks control largest European kingdom
      a. The roman province known as Gaul
      b. Rules by Clovis- the Merovingian Dynasty
2. major Domo- mayor of the palace- ruled the kingdom
3. Charles Martel- Charles the Hammer
      a. extended the Franks reign to the north, south, and east
      b. Defeated a Muslim army from Spain at the battle of Tours

Germanic Kingdoms Unite Under Charlemagne

-Many Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the roman Empire were reunited under Charlemagne's empire
-Charlemagne spread Christian civilization throughout northern Europe, which is where many of us come from.

Middle Ages- medieval period(500-1500 AD)
-Medieval Europe is fragmented

Invasions trigger changes in western Europe
1. Invasions and constant warfare spark new trends
      a. Disruption of trade
            i. Europe's cities are no longer economic centers
            ii. Money is scarce

      b. Downfall of cities
            i. Cities are no longer centers of administration

      c. Population shifts
            i. Nobles retreat to the rural areas
            ii. Cities don't have strong leadership

2. Decline of learning
      a. Germanic invaders are illiterate, but they communicate through oral tradition.
     
      b. Only priests and church officials could read and write

      c. Knowledge of Greek (and literature, science, philosophy) is almost lost

3. Loss of a common language
     a. Dialects develop in different regions

     b. By the 800's, French, Spanish, other Roman-based languages are evolving from Latin

Germanic Kingdoms Emerge
1. The concept of government changes
      a. Roman society: loyal to public government

      b. Germanic society: loyal to family
            I. Germanic chief led warriors
            ii. During peace, he provided food, weapons, treasure, a place to live (the lord's hall).
            iii. During wartime, warriors fought for the lord

      c. "The king? Who's that? You want to collect taxes from me? Who the heck are you?"

      d. Franks live in the Roman province of Gaul - their leader is Clovis

2. The Franks under Clovis
      a. Another  battlefield conversion (Just like Constantine)
    
       b. Clovis and 3000 of his warriors are baptized by the bishop
     
      c. The Church in Rome approves of this "alliance"
    
      d. Clovis and the Church begin to work together

Equation

Clovis' military expertise + the Church's support and money= A strategic alliance between two powerful forces

Germanic People adopt Christianity
1. 511 AD- Clovis unite Franks into one kingdom
2. 600 AD- Church+ Frankish rulers convert many
      a. Fear of Muslims in southern Europe spur many to become Christians

Monasteries and Convents
      a. 520 AD- Benedict wrote the rules for monks and monasteries
            I. Poverty, chastity, obedience, study
     
      b. His sister Scholastica did the same for nuns in convents

      c. 731 AD- The Venerable Bede wrote a killer history of England

      d. Monks opened schools, maintained libraries, and copied books (Bibles, Greek texts)

(Pope) Gregory I expands papal power
      a. papacy- pope's office
      b. Secular power- worldly power
      c. So...under Gregory the Great

-Papal power(power of the pope) is political power presented from the pope's palace

     d. The can use church money to:
            1.raise armies
            2. repair roads
            3. help the poor
     e. Gregory the Great began to act as many of Rome and as head of an earthly kingdom (Christiandom)

Notes

Feudalism- a political, military and economic system based on land-holding and protective alliances
      In other words: the system is based on personal loyalty to people who can help you

-vassals will look over the rich guy's land

The Feudal pyramid(top to bottom)
-King
-The most powerful Vassals(Nobles and Bishops)
-Knights- mounted warriors who received fiefs for defending their lord's land
-Peasants(mostly serfs)- landless, powerless, moneyless, rights-less, just working the land for "the man" (their lord)

manor- the lord's estate
-The lord's manor house
-A church
-Some workshops
-15-30 families
-All on a few square miles

Good news- It's a self-sufficient community
Bad news- It's harsh if you're a peasant

Peasants are poor and pay high taxes
-tax on grain
-tax on marriage
to be continued..

Rome fades away

Two Emperors

Diocletian
-he rules from 284-303
-it's cool to persecute Christians
-Rome needs a big army (400,00 strong)
-Rome needs a big government (20,00 officials)

Constantine
-he rules from 306-337
-it's cool BE a Christian
-conversion to Christianity via a cross in the sky (conquer by this!)
-313- his Edict of Milan proclaims freedom of worship
-built a new capital in the east
      -Byzantium, soon to be known as Constantinople

Edict of Milan
The agreement shifted Christianity from being an illicit, persecuted sect to being a welcome—and soon dominant—religion of the Roman Empire.

-It came out of a two-man summit meeting in the northern Italian city of Milan in January 313. The two men were the Roman emperors—Constantine ruling the West and Licinius the East. They met “under happy auspices,” as their joint communiqué put it. After years of power struggles for the imperial purple, the Roman world enjoyed a degree of peace. And after the failure of the Great Persecution (initiated by the emperors Diocletian and Galerius in 303–304), the Christian church had begun to recover its stability. Constantine and Licinius turned their minds to matters affecting the general welfare of the Empire.

The Edict of Milan is a proclamation that gave religious toleration.

The struggle of the peasants, Life in the Fourth Century
-country dwellers are getting bankrupted by endless tax collection
-new farming system: peasants work for elite landlords on large farms
-peasants can avoid paying taxes, but they are getting hit just as hard by the landlords
-paying off debts and being "allowed" to love on the land, in exchange for endless back-breaking work (such a deal!!)
-landowners hold local power as counts and bishops, wielding more real power than the faraway empire
-Foreshadowing feudalism

The western Empire crumbles
-Rome's power is decreasing, while nomadic barbarians gain power
-western Empire is too poor, begins to be neglected
-Huns migrate from China to eastern Europe
-Visigoths take over Spain, and actually capture and loot Rome itself in 410
-Vandals control Carthage and the western Mediterranean

Other barbarian tribes
-Ostrogoths in Italy
-Franks in Gaul
-Angles and Saxons in Britain

End of an era
500 BC- the monarchy is abolished
450 BC- the Twelve Tables are established

through the glory days
44 BC-end of the line for Julius Caesar
27 BC-180 AD- the roman Peace (Pax Romana)

to the bitter end
-constant fifth century invasions by barbarian tribes left the western Roman Empire shattered and crumbling
-The last emperor was a teenage boy installed in 475 by his father
-Barbarians deposed Romulus Augustulus without bothering to kill him

Review for test tomorrow

Q:Specifically, where did the first Indo-Europeans settle around 750 BC?

A:On the shores of the Tiber River, in the low-lying "Seven Hills" of central Italy. perfectly located. In the middle of Italy. In the middle of the Mediterranean sea, which was (thought to be) the center of the world. Its fate!

Q: What three groups of people dominated the culture of early Rome?

A: Latin's, Etruscans, Greeks

-Tarquin the proud was last of the Etruscan kings, he ruled as a tyrant from 534-510 C. He was run out of Rome by a scandal.

-Ruled by Etruscan kings (monarchy) who were advised by rich patricians (the Senate- an aristocracy)
After Tarquin (no more tyranny), the gov't became res republica (the peoples business), or republic (Like the Greek democracy)

Patrician- upper class , landowning, established, connected, powerful
Plebian- common people, workers, small-time farmers, some wealthy non-patricians
Senate-gov't assembly of 300 9unpain) patricians, appointed for life; first by kings, then consuls
Consuls- two senators who led the gov't and military for one-year terms; could veto each other
Tribunes- leaders of the plebian assembly; first rather powerless, gaining ground over the years

-The Twelve tables marked the first time that laws were written down, they set up protection of the plebeians who were getting pushed around by patricians, and were publically displayed in the Forum (450 BC)

-The Roman republic serves as a model for The Constitution of the US and its separation of powers and for the Senate, Assemblies-USS Senate, House of Reps- Consuls, Dictator-president of the US, Senate could act like judges-like our Supreme Court

-The rich could only serve in the Senate because members were not paid, but worked their way up from low-ranking magistrates to higher ones. They needed to spend a lot to look good, popular, and powerful, making them electable. Plebs couldn't afford to do that.

-The kings who ruled between 600 and 500 BC ordered the building of the Forum, Rome's political center.

More notes

Test Review

The first emperor was Caesar Augustus
Caesar began the Pax Romana

Notes

Caligula
-In addition to being Germanicus' son, he was Tiberius' adopted grandson and great-nephew- putting him next in line for emperor
-he started off well: granting bonuses to those in the military, declaring treason trials a thing of the past, and made government spending matter of public record
-All in all, the first seven months of Caligula's reign were "completely blissful" (according to the historian Philo)..but then..
-he began to fight with the Senate
-He claimed to be a god, and had statues displayed in many places- including the Jewish temple in Jerusalem (sacrilege)
-Other examples of cruelty and insanity: he slept with other men's wives and bragging about it, indulged in too much spending and sex, and even tried to make his horse a consul and a priest (at least that's what his critics said)
-Assassinated by his own aides, AD 42 (aged 28)

Next in line: Claudius
-ostracized by his family because of his disabilities (limp, slight deafness, possible speech impediment- thought to be cerebral palsy or polio), he was the last adult male in his family when Caligula was killed
-he rose to the occasion: he conquered Britain; he built roads, canals, and aqueducts; he renovated the Circus Maximus
-had an awful marriage to Messalina, who was quite often unfaithful to him, even plotting to seize power for her lover Silius through a coup- so Claudius had them killed

Meanwhile religious troubles
-Christianity and Judaism: monotheistic
-Romans had many gods, plus at times the emperor was viewed as a god
-AD 66: a group of Jews called the Zealots tried to rebel, but Roman troops put them down and burned their temple (except for one wall)
-The Western Wall today is the holiest of all Jewish shrines
-Half a million Jews died in the rebellion

Persecution of Christians
-Romans were harsh toward those who would not worship the emperor
-Especially Christians, who were viewed as followers of a new, upstart religion (cult)
-Often used for "entertainment" purposes in the Colisseum (thrown to the lions, etc.)
-Despite the oppression, Christianity grew quickly- by AD 200, around 10 percent of the people in the Roman empire were Christians

notes

Assassination and Another Caesar
Caesar had become a Greek-style tyrant- and there was a traditional and honorable way of getting rid of tyrants. On the ides of March, 44 B.C., Caesar appeared in the Senate house, unarmed and unguarded, according to his custom, and a crowd of senators struck him down with their daggers. Caesar's murder did not restore the Republic; instead, his death produced they another crop of warlords and yet more bouts of civil war. The main contenders were Mark Antony, once a commander under Caesar and now a consul; the leading assassins, Brutus and Cassius; and Caesar's grandnephew and adopted son, the youthful Octavian Caesar. Mark Antony and Octavian were rival loyalists of Caesar, and each managed to attract some of Caesar's legions, which they used to fight a brutal war against each other in Italy. Then, however, they joined forces against Caesar's assassins; formed another triumvirate together with a lesser warlord, Marcus Lepidus; eliminated opponents in a new reign of terror in Rome; and defeated Cassius and Brutus in battle in Greece.

Pg 103
Within the empire, the Roman version of Greco-Roman civilization prevailed in the Western territories, and the Greek version was dominant in the East. Roman literature and art, philosophy and law, architecture and engineering were often inspired by Greek models, but Roman achievements in these fields eventually equaled or surpassed those of the Greeks and became just as much an inspiration and model for future Western development.

West- native languages of conquered European barbarian peoples began to be replaced by Latin
East- Egyptian hieroglyphic writing fell out of use.

LO1(rule of emperors)
Soon after Octavian's triumph at Actium, the Senate conferred on him a new title, Augustus, the name under which he has gone down in history. Now he was the supreme ruler.

Augustus
-Confirmed as commander by arrangement with the Senate in 27 B.C.
-In return of being confirmed as commander, he permitted the Senate to supervise Italy and the city of Rome, as well as provinces where no soldiers were stationed
-He had proscribed and put to death many opponents in the Senate and replaced them with his friends and allies.
-He still summoned the assemblies from time to time
-He followed the dictator's even more arrogant-seeming example of accepting religious worship of himself.
-He also acquired the title "Father of the Fatherland"
-He passed laws of adultery by women and against both men and women who failed to marry
-he showed respect for local institutions and encouraged provincial leaders to fulfill their responsibilities
-He married a woman named Livia, but never managed to have children
-He brought the system of government appointments under his personal control.
-He reorganized the army to ensure the loyalty of the rank-and-file soldiers
-Augustus and his successors broke with the Roman tradition of citizen-soldiers to create the world's first professional standing army.

Augustus was convinced that if Rome's new peace and stability were to last, the changes he had made in its government system must continue after his death. Having no son's of his own, Augustus finally settled on Tiberius, Livia's son from her first marriage, as the next princeps. Tiberius was already experienced in government and trusted by the army, for Augustus had made sure that men of his family got their share of leading magistracies and high military commands. Augustus adopted Tiberius as his own son, so as to give him the necessary hereditary standing.

In this way, the Augustan settlement brought two hundred years of relative stability and prosperity that have gone down in history as the Pax Romana, the era of the Roman Peace

Roman Empire

We talked about how Caesar was stabbed by the Senate because of how he was helping out the poor and the aristocrats were losing power. Then, Octavian takes over at the age of 18.

Octavian, also know as Caesar Augustus takes over at the age of 18
-Begins the Pax Roman- a Period of peace and prosperity
-Built roads, aqueducts (brought water to the cities)
-Set up civil service to take care of roads, to grain supply, even a postal service
-Augustus dies at age 76 in A.D. 14, and passes power to Tiberius

From Jesus to Christianity(the historical Jesus)
-Jesus was a Roman citizen and a practicing Jew
-At 30, he began his ministry (A.D. 31-33), preaching to the poor (and there were lots of them) in the empire, and reaching out to outsiders
-Statements like "My kingdom is not of this world" made the romans (and the Jew) nervous, and they began to plan his execution
-The governor of the Roman province of Judaea, Pontius Pilate (promoted by Jewish high priests), sentences Jesus to death by crucifixion

The word spreads about the risen Jesus
-Paul is instrumental in telling the world about Jesus' life, death, and message
-He travels far and wide: Cyprus, Anatolia, Athens, Corinth, Macedonia, Rome, Jerusalem, and maybe even Spain and Britain

Julius Caesar

We reviewed a little bit on the Gracchus brothers, talking about the Latifundia.

Notes
Proletarians-the lowest class of the Roman Citizens

With the changes in Rome's society and politics, the character of its armies and their commanders also changed. Instead of the farmer-soldiers of old, it was now landless and property less proletarians who were drafted to fill the ranks of the legions. This new type of soldier proved just as courageous and tough as the old one, and throughout the first century B.C., Rome's empire expanded faster than ever. But Rome's citizen-soldiers were now "semi professionals" who fought largely in the hope of bettering themselves through pay, loot, promotion, and above all grants of land or money to provide them with a living when they were discharged . And small farms for veterans were precisely what the senate had shown itself too greedy and shortsighted to provide.

Julius Caesar came from an old patrician family that had come down in the world, and he entered the city's politics as a young man determined to regain the fame and power of his ancestors. In 60 BC he began to collaborate with Pompey, an officer promoted by Sulla who had conquered many eastern Mediterranean lands. The two allies formed a triumvirate(three-man board), together with another former henchman of Sulla, Marcus Crassus, that was for a time the dominant political force in Rome.
Caesar won an appointment as proconsul of a province that included the southern regions of Gaul, a territory stretching all the way from northern Italy and the Mediterranean coast to the Rhine River and the Atlantic Ocean. The Gauls, as the inhabitants were called, were a branch of the Celtic peoples, the predominant barbarian ethnic group across most of western Europe and the British Isles.

Crassus had led an army to crushing defeat by the neighboring empire of Parthia, while Pompey had stayed in Rome, growing increasingly jealous of Caesar's success. Finally, with Pompey's support, the Senate ordered Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome.

Rubicon- A big decision that you make where you can't go back(in general)

Pompey was hastily commissioned to defend the Senate, but his forces were no match for Caesar's veterans. Forced to flee from Italy, Pompey was later defeated by Caesar in Greece and murdered in Egypt, where he had taken refuge. After subduing supporters of Pompey and other opponents, the Senate now hailed him, however reluctantly, the Father of the Fatherland- a title recently invented for the Republic's most admired statesman. The people's assemblies continued to exist, but they did little more than endorse Caesar's propels.

Caesar extended Roman citizenship to parts of Gaul and Spain and appointed citizens from the provinces to the Senate. He gave the Romans splendid public buildings and roads, and introduced reforms into every department of administration.

Roman legion

Mr. Schick explained the test coming up on Friday and he talked about the Roman Legion. He reviewed a little on the Punic wars too and talked about the 200 point project.


The roman legion would have 5000 soldiers. It contained cavalry and infantry. The Legion had groups of 80, every group was called a century.  

This has been such an educating blog, I know, but the project, and test study guide is already on Mr. Schick's blog. So....THE END      

Notes

I'm back after being sick all last week. Today we took notes on Rome and talked a little bit on the project that we have to present after we get back from break.

Gracchus Brothers
They thought that the rich should give land back to the people they took it from because they were out fighting in a war and the rich have enough money. They don't need more land.

Is this fair?
In one way, yes. The rich just came in, bought the land and just walked off. The man was out fighting in the war and could not take care of the land. When the man comes back, he'll have nothing. Giving the land back would be good because he'll have a home again.

In another way, no. The rich came in, gave the remaining part of the family on that land, money, got the land and said "See ya!" The rich should give the land back because even though they have lots money, losing it is still bad. If they just gave it back to them, it wouldn't be fair. It's kind of like they just game them money for no reason. If I bought land, I'm going to keep it.

 Latifundia-

a large landed estate or ranch in ancient Rome or more recently in Spain or Latin America, typically worked by slaves.

 

Punic wars

The three Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome took place over nearly a century, beginning in 264 B.C. and ending with the destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C. By the time the First Punic War broke out, Rome had become the dominant power throughout the Italian peninsula, while Carthage–a powerful city-state in northern Africa–had established itself as the leading maritime power in the world.

 

The Punic Wars (from Poeni, the Latin name for the Phoenicians) were waged on land and sea in three vicious rounds between 264 and 146 B.C.

 

First phase

-Rome was able to Carthage out of Sicily, but the North African city kept the rest of its empire.

 

Second

-The Carthaginian general Hannibal invaded Italy, defeated several roman armies, and brought Rome to the brink of defeat. But the loyalty of the Roman armies, the perseverance of their own forces, and their greater manpower, for they were able to draw citizen and allied soldiers from all of Italy, while Carthage relied on smaller mercenary armies, enabled them to triumph. At the end, Carthage was disarmed and helpless.

 

Third

Carthage was captured. In a final act of vengeance, the Senate ordered the city to be leveed, its people sold into slavery, and even the ground on which it had stood to be solemnly cursed. But this was only an epilogue to the main struggle. Already in 202 B.C., Rome had won control of the western Mediterranean.

Roman Scoiety

After getting our test back we had to write either about the Roman society, family, or government. And well..... Family

The community and family
Instead of devoting his life directly to the city-states, as in Sparta, a Roman man belonged first of all to a family and a clan(a group of families descended from a real or mythical forefather). Clans and families, in turn, were held together by fathers. In particular by men who had the status of paterfamilias or "family father." The family father wielded unlimited power, including the power of life and death over everyone in his household, as well as over sons and daughters who left his household upon marriage. Only his wife might not be completely subject to him, if she was still subject to authority of her own father.
      Roman community life was seen as a kind of family life on the larger scale. One of the Republic's most important deities, besides those worshipped on the Capitol, was Vesta, the goddess of hearth and home. In every household, the fire in the hearth was sacred to Vesta and was only put out if the family moved.
      Motherhood, too, was reveled in Rome. A married woman bore the title of matron(Latin word matron meaning "lady mother.") Her "Juno", the divine force of fertility and nourishment that she embodied, was worshipped in the household alongside her husband's genius. She was supposed to live in subordination to her husband, but through strength of personality and authority with her menfolk, she was also expected to contribute to the community as well the family.

Test

We took a test today on Greece. I thought it was pretty easy, not saying that I think I'll get a 100%, but I feel good bout this one. After the test we just sat around, doing homework and other stuff. I got in trouble for playing games which is ridiculous because we weren't doing anything, but its KOOL. I just kind of sat there for 45 minutes looking at a wall.

The fun yet creepy stories

 In the beginning of the class, we got to listen to Laura talk about some very random stories that I think Mr. Schick was very much into(sarcasm) and then we reviewed a lot for the test that we have soon, by looking at the worksheet that we have been taking notes on for like 3 weeks. Mr. Schick told stories about him getting his masters and pronouncing Hippolyta wrong, he told stories about Oedipus killing his father then sleeping with his mother. The list goes on with countless, 1 or 2, stories that he told. We talked about Aplasia, Isagoras, Xerxes, Cleisthenes, Oedipus, Delian League which lead to talking about Russia and the Ukraine, we talked about Salamis, and a little bit on Darius. By the way, I was sick yesterday and couldn't get to blogging, but I'm sure the class was fine.

Great day

So we went to the gym and worked on stuff, but the problem was.. the internet was slower than slow and it took like 30 minutes to get on my blogger. I reviewed a little bit for an upcoming quiz/test and then I worked on some other homework. I wish we could go to the auditorium because the seats would have been A LOT MORE COMFORTABLE. However, the good thing was that Sam was here.

Review and stuff

We reviewed in class today for an upcoming test and we had the last people present their projects. Besides that, Mr. Schick was made fun of and we had a fun time laughing at him all class. Can't wait for tomorrow. We have to go to the auditorium because of teachers being called to this meeting. So, because there will be a lot of teachers out and not enough subs, classes will be brought to the auditorium while being watched by a few teachers. Have fun at the meeting Mr. Schick. Don't fall asleep....

Cyberday Questions

1. Mostly fertile land is not a characteristic of Greece

2. Approximately 2/3 of Greece is covered by mountains

3. barbarian-The word came from the Greek "barbaros," which originally meant "Non-Greek."

4. Megalithic structures are massive rough-cut stones used to construct monuments and tombs

5. A tribe refers to a social and political unit consisting of a group of communities held together by common interests, traditions, and real or mythical ties of kinship.

6. tribes we governed by warrior kings or queens, chieftains, or tribal leaders chosen by warriors.

7.  The first European Barbarians to make contact with civilization were the Greeks.

8. The United States would not be considered a member of western civilization

9. The sea that is west of the Greek mainland is the Ionia Sea.

10 The sea that is east of the Greek mainland is Aegean Sea.

11. The major crops the Aegean people lived on were potatoes, vines and olives

12. The Civilization that arose on the island Crete was the Minoan.

13.  The Mycenaean civilization established settlements along the Greeks mainland southern shore on some islands.

14. The Minoan civilization built massive walls to protect themselves from attack.

15. A period of Greek history in which the population dropped, ships no longer sailed, and writing fell out in use is called the Dark Ages.

16. Following this period, the Greeks joined the Phoenicians as the leading commercial and seafaring nation of the Mediterranean.

17.  The "c" before a date meant "circa"

18.  By 600 BC, Greek city-states dotted the coastlines around the Mediterranean Sea called colonies.

19. Although they varied in size, ancient Greek city-states most closely resembled counties

20. Oligarchy is a form of government in which decisions were made by the majority of adult male citizens.

21. Democracy is a form of government in which decisions were made by the majority of adult male citizens.

22. Tyranny is a form of government in which a self-proclaimed dictator held power.

23. Monarchy is a form of government in which power is held by a single ruler, and is often passed along from father to son.

24. Spartans used Monarchy

25. At age seven was when a Spartan male began their military training.

26. Athens was the wealthiest city-state in the ancient Greek world.

27. Parthenon was the high fortified citadel and religious center of an ancient Greek town.

28. Peloponnesus was the name of the southern peninsula where Sparta was located.

29. Phalanxes were massive fighting ships with three banks of oars, used to ram or board enemy ships.

30. Hoplite was a heavily armed and armored citizen-soldier of ancient Greece.

Short Answer

1. The Dark Ages began at 1100 B.C. and ended at 800 B.C.

2. Homer told two stories called 'The Iliad" and "The Odyssey"

3.  The word Mediterranean originally meant middle earth.

4.  Aristocrats were  prominent and long-established Athenian land-owners.


THE END

Get Better Mr. Schick

Mr. Schick was out and so we continued with watching the video on the Greeks-Crucible of Civilization. We worked on the worksheet for a little and just took more notes on the video.

Notes:

-Themistocles was an Athenian general and politician of superlative skill and foresight. He fought against the Persians at the Battle of Marathon while a young man, and distinguished himself as the savior of all Greece by persuading Athens to build a navy which went on to defeat Persia at Salamis in 480 B.C.

-As a politician Themistocles appears to have had no tutor other than himself, but rather than prove a hindrance, this was to become his greatest asset. His ability to innovate and to think of a new ways of doing things suited the times.

-Ultimately, the Athenians sided with Themistocles and Aristides went into exile. Immediately work began at break neck speed to build a navy of 200 triremes, the most advanced ships of the Ancient World.But time was running out…
-When the Persian king, Xerxes, invaded Greece in the spring of 480 BC, he did so at the head of a vast army. Once the Spartan force at Thermopylae had been defeated, his route by land to Athens was virtually undefended. Attica was seized by panic.

Pericles was born around 493 BC into a rich aristocratic family. On his mother’s side he was related to the great reformer Cleisthenes. His father was a famous general.

In 451 Pericles introduced a new citizenship law which prevented the son of an Athenian father and a non-Athenian mother becoming a full citizen. The law’s main effect was to curb the power of the aristocrats since if their heirs could not be legally recognized they could no longer forge alliances with aristocrats from other cities. Ironically, it would have major consequences for Pericles own private life.

Started in 447 the Parthenon was masterminded by Pericles who took personal responsibility for the whole project.

The spectacular defeat of the Persians at Salamis in 480 led to the formation of a more permanent alliance. Three years later negotiations, led by Aristides of Athens, began on the Greek island of Delos. The result was the Delian League, a sort of ancient equivalent to NATO.