review and stories :D

We talked about the exam and some of the essay questions..

Describe how Christianity evolved into a full-fledged religion?

Also Mr. Schick talked about how he wanted to be a priest when he was in high school. he said that Mass was every day and that the school he went to, there was like 50-100 kids in the whole school. He said that lots of people would leave the school because of being home sick or because they just changed their minds about becoming a priest.

he told about the tornado that hit his school in Chicago, April 1967. He was saying that the sky was green and they hid underneath a mattress. The tornado sounded like a freight train rolling right over them. He said he was off a school for about a week.

A European evolves
1. Franks control largest European kingdom
      a. The roman province known as Gaul
      b. Rules by Clovis- the Merovingian Dynasty
2. major Domo- mayor of the palace- ruled the kingdom
3. Charles Martel- Charles the Hammer
      a. extended the Franks reign to the north, south, and east
      b. Defeated a Muslim army from Spain at the battle of Tours

Germanic Kingdoms Unite Under Charlemagne

-Many Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the roman Empire were reunited under Charlemagne's empire
-Charlemagne spread Christian civilization throughout northern Europe, which is where many of us come from.

Middle Ages- medieval period(500-1500 AD)
-Medieval Europe is fragmented

Invasions trigger changes in western Europe
1. Invasions and constant warfare spark new trends
      a. Disruption of trade
            i. Europe's cities are no longer economic centers
            ii. Money is scarce

      b. Downfall of cities
            i. Cities are no longer centers of administration

      c. Population shifts
            i. Nobles retreat to the rural areas
            ii. Cities don't have strong leadership

2. Decline of learning
      a. Germanic invaders are illiterate, but they communicate through oral tradition.
     
      b. Only priests and church officials could read and write

      c. Knowledge of Greek (and literature, science, philosophy) is almost lost

3. Loss of a common language
     a. Dialects develop in different regions

     b. By the 800's, French, Spanish, other Roman-based languages are evolving from Latin

Germanic Kingdoms Emerge
1. The concept of government changes
      a. Roman society: loyal to public government

      b. Germanic society: loyal to family
            I. Germanic chief led warriors
            ii. During peace, he provided food, weapons, treasure, a place to live (the lord's hall).
            iii. During wartime, warriors fought for the lord

      c. "The king? Who's that? You want to collect taxes from me? Who the heck are you?"

      d. Franks live in the Roman province of Gaul - their leader is Clovis

2. The Franks under Clovis
      a. Another  battlefield conversion (Just like Constantine)
    
       b. Clovis and 3000 of his warriors are baptized by the bishop
     
      c. The Church in Rome approves of this "alliance"
    
      d. Clovis and the Church begin to work together

Equation

Clovis' military expertise + the Church's support and money= A strategic alliance between two powerful forces

Germanic People adopt Christianity
1. 511 AD- Clovis unite Franks into one kingdom
2. 600 AD- Church+ Frankish rulers convert many
      a. Fear of Muslims in southern Europe spur many to become Christians

Monasteries and Convents
      a. 520 AD- Benedict wrote the rules for monks and monasteries
            I. Poverty, chastity, obedience, study
     
      b. His sister Scholastica did the same for nuns in convents

      c. 731 AD- The Venerable Bede wrote a killer history of England

      d. Monks opened schools, maintained libraries, and copied books (Bibles, Greek texts)

(Pope) Gregory I expands papal power
      a. papacy- pope's office
      b. Secular power- worldly power
      c. So...under Gregory the Great

-Papal power(power of the pope) is political power presented from the pope's palace

     d. The can use church money to:
            1.raise armies
            2. repair roads
            3. help the poor
     e. Gregory the Great began to act as many of Rome and as head of an earthly kingdom (Christiandom)

Notes

Feudalism- a political, military and economic system based on land-holding and protective alliances
      In other words: the system is based on personal loyalty to people who can help you

-vassals will look over the rich guy's land

The Feudal pyramid(top to bottom)
-King
-The most powerful Vassals(Nobles and Bishops)
-Knights- mounted warriors who received fiefs for defending their lord's land
-Peasants(mostly serfs)- landless, powerless, moneyless, rights-less, just working the land for "the man" (their lord)

manor- the lord's estate
-The lord's manor house
-A church
-Some workshops
-15-30 families
-All on a few square miles

Good news- It's a self-sufficient community
Bad news- It's harsh if you're a peasant

Peasants are poor and pay high taxes
-tax on grain
-tax on marriage
to be continued..

Rome fades away

Two Emperors

Diocletian
-he rules from 284-303
-it's cool to persecute Christians
-Rome needs a big army (400,00 strong)
-Rome needs a big government (20,00 officials)

Constantine
-he rules from 306-337
-it's cool BE a Christian
-conversion to Christianity via a cross in the sky (conquer by this!)
-313- his Edict of Milan proclaims freedom of worship
-built a new capital in the east
      -Byzantium, soon to be known as Constantinople

Edict of Milan
The agreement shifted Christianity from being an illicit, persecuted sect to being a welcome—and soon dominant—religion of the Roman Empire.

-It came out of a two-man summit meeting in the northern Italian city of Milan in January 313. The two men were the Roman emperors—Constantine ruling the West and Licinius the East. They met “under happy auspices,” as their joint communiqué put it. After years of power struggles for the imperial purple, the Roman world enjoyed a degree of peace. And after the failure of the Great Persecution (initiated by the emperors Diocletian and Galerius in 303–304), the Christian church had begun to recover its stability. Constantine and Licinius turned their minds to matters affecting the general welfare of the Empire.

The Edict of Milan is a proclamation that gave religious toleration.

The struggle of the peasants, Life in the Fourth Century
-country dwellers are getting bankrupted by endless tax collection
-new farming system: peasants work for elite landlords on large farms
-peasants can avoid paying taxes, but they are getting hit just as hard by the landlords
-paying off debts and being "allowed" to love on the land, in exchange for endless back-breaking work (such a deal!!)
-landowners hold local power as counts and bishops, wielding more real power than the faraway empire
-Foreshadowing feudalism

The western Empire crumbles
-Rome's power is decreasing, while nomadic barbarians gain power
-western Empire is too poor, begins to be neglected
-Huns migrate from China to eastern Europe
-Visigoths take over Spain, and actually capture and loot Rome itself in 410
-Vandals control Carthage and the western Mediterranean

Other barbarian tribes
-Ostrogoths in Italy
-Franks in Gaul
-Angles and Saxons in Britain

End of an era
500 BC- the monarchy is abolished
450 BC- the Twelve Tables are established

through the glory days
44 BC-end of the line for Julius Caesar
27 BC-180 AD- the roman Peace (Pax Romana)

to the bitter end
-constant fifth century invasions by barbarian tribes left the western Roman Empire shattered and crumbling
-The last emperor was a teenage boy installed in 475 by his father
-Barbarians deposed Romulus Augustulus without bothering to kill him

Review for test tomorrow

Q:Specifically, where did the first Indo-Europeans settle around 750 BC?

A:On the shores of the Tiber River, in the low-lying "Seven Hills" of central Italy. perfectly located. In the middle of Italy. In the middle of the Mediterranean sea, which was (thought to be) the center of the world. Its fate!

Q: What three groups of people dominated the culture of early Rome?

A: Latin's, Etruscans, Greeks

-Tarquin the proud was last of the Etruscan kings, he ruled as a tyrant from 534-510 C. He was run out of Rome by a scandal.

-Ruled by Etruscan kings (monarchy) who were advised by rich patricians (the Senate- an aristocracy)
After Tarquin (no more tyranny), the gov't became res republica (the peoples business), or republic (Like the Greek democracy)

Patrician- upper class , landowning, established, connected, powerful
Plebian- common people, workers, small-time farmers, some wealthy non-patricians
Senate-gov't assembly of 300 9unpain) patricians, appointed for life; first by kings, then consuls
Consuls- two senators who led the gov't and military for one-year terms; could veto each other
Tribunes- leaders of the plebian assembly; first rather powerless, gaining ground over the years

-The Twelve tables marked the first time that laws were written down, they set up protection of the plebeians who were getting pushed around by patricians, and were publically displayed in the Forum (450 BC)

-The Roman republic serves as a model for The Constitution of the US and its separation of powers and for the Senate, Assemblies-USS Senate, House of Reps- Consuls, Dictator-president of the US, Senate could act like judges-like our Supreme Court

-The rich could only serve in the Senate because members were not paid, but worked their way up from low-ranking magistrates to higher ones. They needed to spend a lot to look good, popular, and powerful, making them electable. Plebs couldn't afford to do that.

-The kings who ruled between 600 and 500 BC ordered the building of the Forum, Rome's political center.

More notes

Test Review

The first emperor was Caesar Augustus
Caesar began the Pax Romana

Notes

Caligula
-In addition to being Germanicus' son, he was Tiberius' adopted grandson and great-nephew- putting him next in line for emperor
-he started off well: granting bonuses to those in the military, declaring treason trials a thing of the past, and made government spending matter of public record
-All in all, the first seven months of Caligula's reign were "completely blissful" (according to the historian Philo)..but then..
-he began to fight with the Senate
-He claimed to be a god, and had statues displayed in many places- including the Jewish temple in Jerusalem (sacrilege)
-Other examples of cruelty and insanity: he slept with other men's wives and bragging about it, indulged in too much spending and sex, and even tried to make his horse a consul and a priest (at least that's what his critics said)
-Assassinated by his own aides, AD 42 (aged 28)

Next in line: Claudius
-ostracized by his family because of his disabilities (limp, slight deafness, possible speech impediment- thought to be cerebral palsy or polio), he was the last adult male in his family when Caligula was killed
-he rose to the occasion: he conquered Britain; he built roads, canals, and aqueducts; he renovated the Circus Maximus
-had an awful marriage to Messalina, who was quite often unfaithful to him, even plotting to seize power for her lover Silius through a coup- so Claudius had them killed

Meanwhile religious troubles
-Christianity and Judaism: monotheistic
-Romans had many gods, plus at times the emperor was viewed as a god
-AD 66: a group of Jews called the Zealots tried to rebel, but Roman troops put them down and burned their temple (except for one wall)
-The Western Wall today is the holiest of all Jewish shrines
-Half a million Jews died in the rebellion

Persecution of Christians
-Romans were harsh toward those who would not worship the emperor
-Especially Christians, who were viewed as followers of a new, upstart religion (cult)
-Often used for "entertainment" purposes in the Colisseum (thrown to the lions, etc.)
-Despite the oppression, Christianity grew quickly- by AD 200, around 10 percent of the people in the Roman empire were Christians

notes

Assassination and Another Caesar
Caesar had become a Greek-style tyrant- and there was a traditional and honorable way of getting rid of tyrants. On the ides of March, 44 B.C., Caesar appeared in the Senate house, unarmed and unguarded, according to his custom, and a crowd of senators struck him down with their daggers. Caesar's murder did not restore the Republic; instead, his death produced they another crop of warlords and yet more bouts of civil war. The main contenders were Mark Antony, once a commander under Caesar and now a consul; the leading assassins, Brutus and Cassius; and Caesar's grandnephew and adopted son, the youthful Octavian Caesar. Mark Antony and Octavian were rival loyalists of Caesar, and each managed to attract some of Caesar's legions, which they used to fight a brutal war against each other in Italy. Then, however, they joined forces against Caesar's assassins; formed another triumvirate together with a lesser warlord, Marcus Lepidus; eliminated opponents in a new reign of terror in Rome; and defeated Cassius and Brutus in battle in Greece.

Pg 103
Within the empire, the Roman version of Greco-Roman civilization prevailed in the Western territories, and the Greek version was dominant in the East. Roman literature and art, philosophy and law, architecture and engineering were often inspired by Greek models, but Roman achievements in these fields eventually equaled or surpassed those of the Greeks and became just as much an inspiration and model for future Western development.

West- native languages of conquered European barbarian peoples began to be replaced by Latin
East- Egyptian hieroglyphic writing fell out of use.

LO1(rule of emperors)
Soon after Octavian's triumph at Actium, the Senate conferred on him a new title, Augustus, the name under which he has gone down in history. Now he was the supreme ruler.

Augustus
-Confirmed as commander by arrangement with the Senate in 27 B.C.
-In return of being confirmed as commander, he permitted the Senate to supervise Italy and the city of Rome, as well as provinces where no soldiers were stationed
-He had proscribed and put to death many opponents in the Senate and replaced them with his friends and allies.
-He still summoned the assemblies from time to time
-He followed the dictator's even more arrogant-seeming example of accepting religious worship of himself.
-He also acquired the title "Father of the Fatherland"
-He passed laws of adultery by women and against both men and women who failed to marry
-he showed respect for local institutions and encouraged provincial leaders to fulfill their responsibilities
-He married a woman named Livia, but never managed to have children
-He brought the system of government appointments under his personal control.
-He reorganized the army to ensure the loyalty of the rank-and-file soldiers
-Augustus and his successors broke with the Roman tradition of citizen-soldiers to create the world's first professional standing army.

Augustus was convinced that if Rome's new peace and stability were to last, the changes he had made in its government system must continue after his death. Having no son's of his own, Augustus finally settled on Tiberius, Livia's son from her first marriage, as the next princeps. Tiberius was already experienced in government and trusted by the army, for Augustus had made sure that men of his family got their share of leading magistracies and high military commands. Augustus adopted Tiberius as his own son, so as to give him the necessary hereditary standing.

In this way, the Augustan settlement brought two hundred years of relative stability and prosperity that have gone down in history as the Pax Romana, the era of the Roman Peace